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Hal 9000 reading lips3/21/2023 AI’s may be able to perform better than humans since they can extract visual features that humans cannot perceive, enabling them to measure heart rate from video alone. Unlike some of the other tasks we have discussed, even humans misclassify emotions fairly regularly. Arguably, AIs can now classify basic emotional expressions in images as well as humans. In the movie, Hal could recognize emotional expressions. In 2016, DeepMind created AlphaGo, which beat Lee Sedol, one of the world’s best Go players, and in late 2017 they created AlphaZero, a system capable of defeating AlphaGo and one that can also play chess and shogi at superhuman levels. Soon after IBM’s achievement, researchers argued that chess was likely too easy and that Go was a better target. For many years, playing chess at a professional level was a major goal of AI researcher and in the late 1990s IBM’s Deep Blue was able to beat the world’s best. Hal was shown to play board games (chess) with the crew. This technology could be used to aid deaf people or could be used for spying. It would be prudent to test the efficacy of their method on more datasets to assess its robustness. In 2018, DeepMind developed a system that misidentified only 41% of words using video alone, whereas human expert lip readers had an error rate of 93%. Using deep learning, today’s AIs are arguably much better than humans. In 2001, the crew goes into an area where Hal can see them but cannot listen so that they can discuss turning him off, but unfortunately, Hal can read lips. A positive side is that missing people can be found rapidly, and the technology has been used to find kidnapping victims. Megvii’s Face++ was used to arrest 4,000 people in China between 2016-2018. China is deploying it throughout the nation to track individuals using extensive city-wide camera systems. This technology poses major risks to privacy. Today’s systems are even better and have surpassed our abilities. Since 2014, systems have rivaled humans in their ability to identify faces. Face recognition has long been of interest for surveillance and security. Hal can recognize the faces of all of the crew members, but could likely recognize far more faces. Speech recognition is distinct from language understanding, which I discuss below. While there is still room for improvement, speech recognition systems rival humans in low-noise environments and will likely work just as well as humans in other environments in the next few years. However, these tests are done without significant levels of noise, with multiple people speaking at once, or with strongly accented speech. Using deep learning, today’s systems have a word error rate of under 5%, which is about the same as humans. The first useful systems were released in the 1990s (e.g., Dragon Dictate). Speech recognition research started in the 1950s, but it worked poorly when the movie was released. Speech recognition is turning spoken words into written words, which is something Hal uses to have conversations with crew members. The startup Lyrebird has already developed algorithms with this capability. Using deep learning (WaveNet), today’s systems rival the quality of the human voice.Ī fear with this technology is that we will soon be able to generate speech from arbitrary people, so impersonating others using their voices alone is a reality as long as enough data is available. The first usable systems were developed in the 1970s (e.g., MUSA), and by the 1990s systems worked well, but sounded mechanical. When the movie was released in 1968, speech synthesis was on the horizon, and “Daisy Bell,” the song sung by Hal in the movie, was synthesized in 1961. Let’s review Hal’s capabilities and discuss where we are today. I was recently on the radio discussing, “how well did 2001 predict the future of AI?” While not much in AI was working in 2001 at human or superhuman levels, in 2018 much of Hal’s individual abilities are at these levels. Hal then starts killing the crew members. Hal explicitly says he is “foolprool and incapable of error,” but later the crew determines he has made an error and decides to take him offline. In the movie an artificial general intelligence (AGI) named HAL 9000 (Hal) performs many of a spaceship’s functions. The film “2001: A Space Odyssey” turns 50 this year.
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